| Learning Outcomes |
|---|
| Explain the main stages of scientific research, distinguish experimental from observational approaches, and evaluate the scientific and ethical appropriateness of a molecular biology study. |
| Conduct a focused literature search in scientific databases, critically appraise selected publications, and identify a knowledge gap and a corresponding research question. |
| Formulate a testable hypothesis aligned with the research question and define the corresponding null and alternative hypotheses and primary and secondary outcome measures. |
| Identify independent, dependent and confounding variables, and develop an experimental design that reduces bias through appropriate controls, randomization and blinding. |
| Identify the independent experimental unit, distinguish biological from technical replicates, and develop a sampling plan that avoids pseudoreplication. Justify sample size in relation to the expected effect and statistical power. |
| Develop an experimental plan with appropriate pilot work, dose selection and time points, and prespecify the analytical method, exclusion criteria and approach to missing data. |
| Organize data and prepare a data dictionary while preserving raw data, and justify quality-control and normalization decisions. Document batch effects, missing values, outliers and their handling in a traceable manner. |
| Select a statistical method appropriate to the data structure, independent or paired design, and relevant assumptions. Interpret results using p values, effect sizes and confidence intervals, accounting for multiple comparisons where needed. |
| Prepare tables and figures that accurately reflect the experimental design and data distribution, and write legends explaining sample size, replicate type and error bars. Evaluate the ethical appropriateness of scientific image processing. |
| Discuss the biological meaning of findings in relation to the literature and distinguish correlation from causation. Interpret results while considering statistical uncertainty, alternative explanations and study limitations. |
| Evaluate the reporting of data, methods and analyses, and identify the information needed to reproduce the analyses and test the findings through independent experiments. |
| Develop a manuscript outline and selected sections from a provided research scenario and findings, applying clear scientific writing, consistency across sections and accurate referencing. |
| Identify ethical issues involving authorship, plagiarism, data integrity, conflicts of interest and AI use in example cases, and prepare appropriate contributorship, conflict-of-interest and AI-use statements. |
| Justify the choice of a journal suited to the study and prepare a cover letter, an evidence-based point-by-point response to reviewers and a justified revision plan. |